Journal of Ottoman Legacy Studies (JOLS), is an international, peer-reviewed, indexed, open-access, academic e-journal established to assess the cultural legacy in the geography where the Ottoman Empire ruled. JOLS is aimed to publish authentic articles in which the issues especially language, literature and history, and the subjects that can be assessed in “Ottoman legacy” are discussed, evaluation and analysis on the cultural life during and after the Ottoman Period are made and presented in academic discipline. JOLS will consider for publishing on the following topics: Ottoman period political, military, social, economic, cultural life Ottoman period language and literature Ottoman period art, architecture Articles in JOLS can be submitted in a form of: regular research articles reviews - monographs Conference proceedings – (In the papers presented at scientific meetings such as symposiums or congresses, the name, place and date of the scientific meeting should be specified). Articles produced from postgraduate theses (the information of the decision-maker to publish this type of articles from the thesis should be stated in the footnote. Other kinds of manuscripts will be judged solely based on the scientific merit of data/research provided. All submitted manuscripts by author(s) are subject to initial appraisal by the section editors to peer review as a double-blind by at least two independent and expert referees. JOLS provides immediate open access to its content, on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. JOLS; is a peer-reviewed online journal which publishes original research papers, review and theoretical manuscripts. Deadline for the next issue: Always open Average Review Time: 4 weeks JOLS, published electronically three times a year in March, July and November. Article Processing Charges: 500 USD, which includes proofreading and typesetting charges
Evliya Çelebi’s Seyahatname in the Perspective of Contemporary Arab Culture
Evliya Çelebi was an Ottoman explorer, born in 1611 in Istanbul and died in 1682 in Cairo. His journey in the middle of the seventeenth century is considered one of the most important trips undertaken by a Muslim traveller due to the number of countries he visited, the duration of his voyage, and the important news and observations it contained. However, despite this importance, this journey did not receive much attention in the Arab world, and its author did not receive the same fame as the other Ottoman scholars. Evliya Çelebi’s Seyahatname received attention from many cultures and was translated into several languages, including German, Russian, English, French, Greek, and Armenian, while only some parts of it were translated into Arabic. This research aims to monitor the status of this great traveler and his journey in the Arab culture and seeks to give an idea of the books and the research that were written about this journey and the image in which it was presented. This study is an attempt to explore the reasons why Evliya Çelebi’s Seyahatname did not spread more widely in the Arab world compared to other travel books.
Arab Culture, Journey, Seyahatname of Evliya Çelebi, The Ottoman Empire, Travel Literature
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Ottoman Legacy Studies
ŞEHİR, İKLİM VE ÇEVRE İLİŞKİSİNİ OSMANLI İSTANBUL’UNDAKİ ISINMA VE SOĞUTMA UYGULAMALARI ÜZERİNDEN KEŞFETMEK: KAYNAKLARIN POTANSİYELİ VE ARAŞTIRMA GÜNDEMİ (1500–1700)
Osmanlı İstanbul’unda (1500-1700) ısınma/ısıtma ve soğutma uygulamaları tarihine yönelik bu çalışma, birincil kaynaklar ile literatürün birleşiminden elde edilen verilerle, erken modern dönemde şehir hayatı, iklim ve çevre arasındaki çok katmanlı ilişkiyi anlamaya yönelik keşifsel bir araştırmadır. Küçük Buzul Çağı olarak bilinen dönemde, ara ara sert iklim koşullarının baskın olduğu bir bağlamda, İstanbul’un bu koşullara verdiği tepkileri ortaya çıkaracak konuları keşfetmeye çalışmaktadır. Yakacak temininden kar ve buz depolamaya, kullanılan teknolojilerden süreçlerin aktörlerine kadar uzanan bu konular, İstanbul’un iklimle kurduğu etkileşimi ve bu etkileşimin idari, sosyal, mimari ve kültürel yansımalarını takip etmektedir. Araştırmada incelenen Devlet Arşivleri ve Topkapı Sarayı belgeleri, ısıtma ve soğutma pratiklerinin idari ve maddi boyutlarını kapsamlı bir şekilde aydınlatmaktadır. Şer’iyye sicilleri, günlük hayatın mikro ölçekteki izlerini sunmakta, şehir ve şehir sakinlerinin tabiat, çevre ve iklimle olan etkileşimini ortaya koymaktadır. Yazma eserler ise iklimin kültürel ve edebi boyutlarını açığa vurmaktadır. Konuya dair varolan literatürün zamansal, mekansal ve tematik olarak parça parça ve yüzeysel kalması ise konuya dair birincil kaynakların değerini daha da artırmaktadır. Bu çerçevede makalenin temel amacı bir tarih yazmaktan çok, yeni sorular üretmek ve mevcut kaynakların sunduğu potansiyeli kavramsal çerçeveler aracılığıyla değerlendirmektir. Çalışma, Osmanlı İstanbul’unun “termal coğrafyası”na dair ilk kapsamlı ve çok disiplinli analiz önerilerinden birini sunmaktadır.
Osmanlı Selanik'inde Ekonomik Düalizm: Temettüat Kayıtları Üzerinden Rum Ve Müslüman Mahalleleri Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir Çalışma (1844)
Bu çalışmada, XIX. Yüzyıl Osmanlı modernleşme sürecinde Selanik şehri Rum ve Müslüman mahallelerinin sosyo-ekonomik yapısı Temettüat Defterleri yardımıyla karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz edilmiştir. 1844 yılına ait mahalle bazlı vergi, meslek ve gelir verilerini merkeze alan araştırma, Tanzimat reformlarının taşra ekonomisini merkezîleştirme çabalarını, dini kimliklerin ekonomik faaliyetlere etkisini ve kentsel mekândaki etnik-dini ayrışmayı mikro-tarihsel bir yaklaşımla incelemektedir. Niceliksel veri analizi, hane sayıları, meslek dağılımları ve vergi kayıtları üzerinden, etnik-dini grupların geçim stratejileri ile devlet politikalarının kesişiminin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmaya konu bulgulara göre; Rum mahallelerinde Pabuççuluk/Kunduracılık ve Meyhanecilik gibi Hristiyanlara özgü zanaatlar, Müslüman mahallelerinde ise Hizmetkârlık ve Debbağlık gibi İslami teamüllere uyumlu meslekler baskındır. Cemaatlere özgü ticari faaliyetlerin öne çıkması, dini normların piyasa dinamiklerini şekillendirdiğini göstermesi açısından önemlidir. Müste’menlerin %97’sinin Rum mahallelerinde yoğunlaşması, Osmanlı’nın geçici koruma politikalarının bile cemaat temelli ağlarla sınırlı kaldığını kanıtlar niteliktedir. Vergi kayıtları ise, Tanzimat’ın "ödeme gücü" ilkesinin pratikte sınırlı kaldığını göstermektedir. Kent ekonomisinin etnik-dini tabakalaşmasını mikro ölçekte belgeleyerek geleneksel "millet" kategorilerini aşan bir perspektif sunması, Tanzimat’ın merkezîleşmesi hedefleri ile geleneksel tevzi‘ sistemi arasındaki gerilimi somut verilerle açığa çıkarması ve Osmanlı kozmopolitizmin pratik sınırlarını Müste’men dağılımı üzerinden analiz etmesi açısından bu çalışma, Osmanlı kentlerinin çok katmanlı yapısını mahalle ölçeğinde belgeleyerek literatüre üç temel katkı sunmaktadır. Aynı zamanda, Osmanlı iktisat tarihine disiplinlerarası bir perspektif kazandırarak, kentsel hayatın sosyal, ekonomik ve dini dokusunu anlamada yeni bir çerçeve sunmaktadır. Gelecek araştırmalar için ise, kadın emeği, karşılaştırmalı kent çalışmaları ve dijital yöntemlerin (GIS, ağ analizi) kullanımı önerilmektedir.
An Ottoman delegate in Paris: Mehmed Galib Efendi
Diplomacy is one of the parameters that keep a state alive in the international arena. Embassies are the only institutions that carry out the diplomacy process abroad in bilateral relations. The Ottoman Empire established diplomatic relations with the principalities and states on its periphery since its foundation (although not in an institutional sense). In the process that developed for political and economic reasons, the first steps of embassies were taken as a result of mutual relations with Venice immediately after the conquest of Istanbul, and later with Poland, Russia, France, Austria, England and the Netherlands. With Selim III, a resident embassy was opened in France. This was the first step towards institutionalization. With the rapprochement of the Ottoman Empire with France and the maturation of the process, Galip Efendi took office in Paris with the title of extraordinary ambassador (ambassador of the Devlet-i Aliyye). Galip Efendi's main challenge during this period would be to successfully carry through a policy of balance against the diplomats of France, Russia and England. The Ottoman Empire had to be strong at the diplomatic table with these states, with whom it had confronted in different parts of the empire. The main problematic of this microhistorical study is to emphasize the diplomatic relations of Mehmed Galip Efendi, the Ottoman ambassador to Paris, who played a significant role in the development of Ottoman diplomacy. In addition to archival sources, secondary sources and visuals are used to enrich the arguments in the text.
Ottoman Empire, Embassy, France, Ambassador, Galip Efendi
A Mine Site Whose Operation Was Stopped Due to War Technique at the End of the 19 th Century: Sarıyer Copper Mine
This article discusses the military-strategic significance of the Bosphorus during the reign of Sultan Abdulhamid II and, in this context, the impact of the copper mine in Sarıyer on Ottoman defense policies. It examines the importance that the Ottoman Empire gave to the protection of defensive structures around the Bosphorus and the implementation of military strategies, particularly in the face of the Russian threat from the Black Sea, increasing political activity in the Balkans, and diplomatic problems with European states. British representatives’ demands for the expansion and operation of the copper mine area in Sarıyer conflicted with the military interests of the Ottoman Empire, and these demands became an international diplomatic issue. The study analyzes the Ottoman Empire’s determination to protect its strategic priorities and the policies it followed against external pressures. It explains how the copper mine in Sarıyer, located in close proximity to defensive structures such as castles and bastions on the Bosphorus, affected military mobility and the protection of water resources. It is indicated that the Ottoman Empire resisted British demands to prevent the possible harms of the expansion of the mining area on military strategies and stopped this enterprise at the expense of paying compensation. The article follows a document-based method in analyzing historical events. In this context, first of all, documents and documents from the official archives of the Republic of Turkey, particularly the Ottoman archives, were examined. Reports published by the Mineral Research and Exploration Directorate, which is a state institution, were taken as primary sources. Moreover, works written during the Ottoman Empire period and current research studies were utilized in the close reading, analysis, and synthesis of existing materials. In this context, historical events were discussed with their military, diplomatic, and strategic aspects, and the effects of Ottoman defense policies in the international context were evaluated.
Earthquakes in The Province of Ioannına in The Second Half of The 19th Century (1850-1900)
Earthquake data from the past provide important information in terms of discovering the seismicity of a region. Such data contribute to analyses and predictions about the region’s seismicity. Historical records show that Ioannina region has been repeatedly exposed to earthquakes. Ioannina earthquakes during the second half of the 19th century provide important data on the effects on the architectural and urban development of the region. Besides, there are the socio-economic and demographic effects of the loss of life and property caused by these earthquakes in rural areas. In this study, the earthquakes in Berat, Delvine, Kudhes (Kurveleş), Margariti (Margiliç) and Paramythia (Aydonat) regions of the province of Ioannina, as the most seismically active region of the Balkans, and their consequences will be discussed with the data obtained from archival documents.
Konya-Ereğli Demiryolu Hattı’nın Açılış Merasimi (25 Ekim 1904)
This study examines the opening ceremony of the Konya-Ereğli Line, which is considered the first part of the Baghdad Railway Project and an important step for the continuation of the project. The study also reveals the political and social reflections of the completion of the first part of a large project, how both the public and the ruling class responded to such initiatives, the care shown for the opening, the importance given to both the sultan and his work, and the interest shown in participation. The opening day was determined as October 25, 1904, which coincides with the birthday of Sultan Abdulhamid II. Although the chosen day is considered normal for such celebrations, in this study the opening ceremony is distinguished from other celebrations by the detailed description of the journey from Istanbul to Ereğli. In this context, the opening ceremony in question was being considered, it was not evaluated as an ordinary part of the birthday celebrations celebrated with various organizations throughout the country. What makes this opening special is not only that it was held on the Sultan’s birthday, but also that it was seen as the announcement of a big step in its time. The study was prepared in the light of the data obtained by identifying the relevant records in the archive, scanning some newspapers of the period and with the support of other studies. In the study, the journey starting from Istanbul and continuing until the opening ceremony to be held at Ereğli Station was included step by step.
Hazine Sandığı Cönkler: Bir Cönkte Yer Alan ve Hüsnî Divânında Bulunmayan Şiirler
There are chests whose contents are known only to their owners, whose owners arrange these chests according to their own wishes and only when they are opened can others see the contents of these chests. Cönks, like chests, are long, thin notebooks that open lengthwise and take shape according to the cultural and literary taste, interest and desire of the person who created them, who wrote them, and the environment in which they were raised, and when these notebooks are opened, just like closed chests, the cultural treasure inside is revealed. Generally, cönks contain works related to folk literature and culture, as well as significant sources of classical Turkish literature. They can be created by a single scribe or multiple authors, and their content becomes richer as they change hands. The Cönk, registered under number 42 Yu 7611 at the Konya Karatay Yusuf Ağa Library is a rare work containing 129 pieces, showcasing various writing styles. This study will focus on the poet Hasan Hüsnî, who is notable for his 39 poems in the Cönk. Hasan Hüsnî, from the town of Cuma in Bulgaria, has twelve poems in the Cönk that do not appear in his known single copy of the Divân. Living in the first half of the XIXth century, he wrote mystical poetry, adopting a literary style suitable for the period and striving to navigate the challenges of his chaotic environment. This study presents new insights into the Cönk and Hasan Hüsnî’s life and art, including twelve of his previously unpublished poems.
On The Interventions of The Copyer in A Copy of Garib-Nâme
Garib-nâme is a Turkish copyright work written by Âşık Pasha during the 14th century. The work is among noteworthy works from the creation phase of the Ancient Anatolian Turkish. More than one hundred copies of Garib-nâme have been detected so far. One of these copies is the one dated 391, A.D and archive numbered 236 in Koç University Suna Kıraç Library Special Collections and Archives section. What makes this copy different from others is the interventions performed on the original text on the first 69 pages of the copy. This second copyist changed specific spelling, grammar and vocabulary elements displaying the Ancient Anatolian Turkish period characteristics in the present work. The aforementioned interventions were performed after the century when the actual work was written. We know why specific works within the historical process were rewritten during the following centuries. In this copy, we can individually see the transformations performed on the original work during a possible attempt of rewriting which had not been transcribed yet. The copy in this respect is one of the original examples which makes it possible to see the transformation of Turkish in Anatolia during different centuries in a tangible way.
: We know very little about the life and work of the poet Muʻtasım-ı Buhârî (d. H. 1293 / CE. 1876- 77), beyond four [brief] mentions. The first two include a pair of handwritten manuscripts: Kārî Rahmetullah Vâzıh’s (d. 1895) collection of biographies Tuhfetü’l-Ahbâb fî Tezkireti’l-Ashâb, and Hayyâm Pûr’s (d. 1979) Ferheng-i Suhanverân. The latter two are a pair of printed books: Ali Emiri’s Manzum 895 (Turkish National Library), and BM11868 (Beyazıt Library). Muʻtasım was originally from Afghanistan, and the son of Erşad-ı Kâdî Molla Muhammed Rahîm-i Belhî. Sources tell us that he’d received a through education, and could read and understand Arabic books with relative ease. He also was calligraphically versed in naskh and taliq scripts, and that he took an interest in music and abjad numerals. Never the less, his talent for poetry rose above all else. We know that he worked as a clothing trader in Russia and Anatolia, only to later live and serve as a muhtasib in Istanbul after his pilgrimage to Mecca. His poetry – as they appear in the aforementioned books – show us his mastery the Arabic, Persian, and Turkish languages. This couldn’t be more evident than in Bûsîrî’s (d. 696 / 1297?) Kasîde-i Bürde – which features seven Persian, one Arabic, and five Turkish poems by Buhârî. In this study, we shall shed light on who Muʻtasım-ı Buhârî was, and then examine five of his (Ottoman) Turkish naat and culusiye poems, including their forms (qaside, qita, muhammes, and mutheddes), and content – accompanied by Modern Turkish translations.
Property, Entrepreneurship, Benefits and Corruption: Economic Portrait of A Hamidian Statesman Mehmed Memduh Pasha 
Mehmed Memduh Pasha (1839-1925) was an Ottoman statesman who held various positions in the central and provincial administration of the Ottoman Empire for over half a century. The last three decades of his long and impressive career coincided with the rule of Sultan Abdulhamid II and he became one of the key figures of the Hamidian bureaucracy. This article examines the economic dimensions of Mehmed Memduh Pasha's life and present a comprehensive analysis of his assets, investments, and contracts based on the Ottoman State Archives, particularly the Documents of Ministry of Internal Affairs and Yıldız Documents. This analysis reveals an aspect of Mehmed Memduh Pasha's biography, which that has been overshadowed by his political, administrative, and literary activities. By examining the case of Mehmed Memduh Pasha, the article presents a portrait of the intertwining of public service, private enterprise, and personal interests within the bureaucratic and economic context of the Ottoman Empire. His administrative responsibilities, and entrepreneurial endeavors during his tenure as governor not only illuminate Mehmed Memduh Pasha's multifaceted character and aspirations but also provide a comprehensive perspective on the economic challenges and opportunities that shaped the careers of bureaucrats in the provincial administrative framework.
An Analysis of the Discourses on 'Sultan Mehmet II / Mehmet the Conqueror' in High School History Textbooks in Turkey from the Tanzimat Period to the Present in Terms of Historiographical Differences
Textbooks play a crucial role in the content dimension of education, specifically concerning the subject matter taught during the learning and teaching processes. In contemporary educational frameworks, government-supervised textbooks serve as the primary source of information, disseminating knowledge that is considered appropriate by the authorities to a broad audience within the public sphere. Notably, history textbooks have emerged as significant instruments for the government in shaping state-society dynamics, largely due to the extensive information they encompass. This underscores the necessity for historiographical analysis of history textbooks utilized in schools since the Tanzimat Period, when the Turkish education system underwent Western modernization. This study aims to investigate the portrayal of Sultan Mehmet II (Mehmet the Conqueror), who orchestrated the conquest of Istanbul, as represented in high school history textbooks from the Tanzimat Period to the present, focusing on historiographical variations. The analysis of the textbooks revealed several distinct narratives regarding (1) Mehmet II's initial ascension to the throne and subsequent abdication, (2) his second ascension, (3) his role during the conquest of Istanbul, (4) his demeanor post-conquest, (5) his personal attributes, and (6) the circumstances surrounding his death. Ultimately, the historiographical discrepancies identified in the textbooks were assessed about the prevailing ideologies of their respective periods and the power dynamics that shape knowledge for specific ends
Acquisitions and Concessions in Preserving Cultural Heritage: The Hagia Sophia Roxelana Bathhouse
: Bathhouses are structures where washing is carried from the waterfront into an area and should be regarded as a cultural heritage piece, where social values may be pursued beyond the physical and structural qualities of a building. This article tackles the social life rules, material, and spiritual-cultural values of the Hagia Sophia Roxelana Bathhouse, which has not been the subject of an independent study regarding the cultural values of its interiors, after the restoration work that started in 2009 and has been completed in three years. The aim is to record the information regarding the dimensional, construction, and space organization of the interior design of the bathhouses as a rare example among Turkish Bathhouses, to transfer its material and spiritual cultural values to the future with accuracy, and to form its proper place in the changing world order. On this basis, the content of the study has been determined as the studies that were carried out in the reconstruction process and the arrangement of functions of cultural sustainability during the restoration of Hagia Sophia Roxelana Bathhouse, which has been chosen as the experimental area for the article. Consequently, while revealing the necessity of making concessions to maintain the cultural continuity in cases such as the example of this historical building, a critical situation has been presented by drawing attention to the result of the decisions taken, particularly for these types of structures included in the tourism sector.
An Ottoman Period Addition to Attaleia Castle: Antalya Clock Tower
The defense system of the city of Attaleia, whose first construction dates back to the Hellenistic period, consists of outer walls, curtain walls, inner walls and the gates and bastions on them. Maps, engravings, and drawings have been made regarding the city, which many travelers and researchers have visited throughout history. However, Antalya castle retains an air of mystery, because definitive knowledge regarding its original character hasn’t been established. Attaleia Castle has undergone many modifications throughout its history from the 2nd century AD to the present day as a result of natural disasters, sieges, repair works, demolitions, and additions. Although the walls surrounding the city remained largely intact until the early 20th century, it is known that demolitions began in 1914, starting in the vicinity of the Government House. The castle gate, walls, and bastions located in the vicinity of the bastion, which had Antalya clock tower added to it during the Ottoman period, were destroyed in earlier times and have not survived to the present day. This situation has caused the bastion, originally part of the fortification system and later converted into a clock tower, to largely lose its physical and visual connection with the other elements of the castle. This study presents the results of the research regarding the Antalya Clock Tower built during the Ottoman period on one of the few remaining bastions of the multi-layered heritage of the Attaleia castle, this important defence system has survived to the present day
Sufi Practices and Urban Spaces: Everyday Experiences of Sheikh Ken’ân Rifâî (1867-1950) in the Late Ottoman Istanbul
This historical study investigates the methods and approaches utilized by Ken’ân Rifâî (1867-1950) to manage the social demands and complexities of Late Ottoman society by concentrating on his various roles as a Sufi sheikh and bureaucrat within the perceived conflicted urban spaces of office and the conventional sufi lodge institution through the everyday life studies perspectives. Examining his daily routines and practices in Istanbul during the Second Constitutional Era (1908-1918), this research accentuates his nuanced synthesis, mirrored his selective adoption amidst the confluence of Western and conventional components. The main objective of our inquiry is to explore how Rifâî has effectively integrated administrative ethos and Sufi principles within the involved socio- spatial setting of the early 20th-century Ottoman capital. As focal points of spiritual and cultural activity, his Sufi lodge (Ummu Ken’ân dergâhı) and his mansion (konak) depict his endeavors to reconcile sufi customs with contemporary developments and thus have served as a microcosm of broader social changes in urban life. By delving into the ordinary moments of Rifâî’s life, we see a man who adeptly navigated his era’s challenges, integrating traditional wisdom with modern pragmatism while utilizing everyday practices to negotiate his position within a rapidly changing society
Social and Economic Life in Rural Diyarbekir in the Middle of the XIXth Century: Accordin to Peasants’ Probate Registers
All types of goods and possessions that a person leaves behind after their death are referred to as an inheritance inventories (tereke) and the documents in which goods and possessions are recorded according to type, quantity and value are called probate registers. All types of movable and immovable property and goods held by the deceased during their lifetime were recorded in the pobate registers, making these records indispensable sources for Ottoman social and economic history research. The information and data recorded in the pobate registers are almost like a treasure for socio-economic historical research. At this point, this paper analyses the data in the probate records of 299 people in the villages of Diyarbekir based on social and economic structure. Firstly, it determines the village in which the individuals lived, population details, Muslim status, number of spouses, number of sons and daughters and the total amount of wealth remaining after deducting debts and expenses. The criteria of percentile shares, Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient were then used to show the inequality in the distribution of wealth among individuals. In addition, this paper also assesses the impact of wealth on the number of spouses and children and on Muslim and non-Muslim groups.
Re-Functioning of Pembe Yalı: Evaluation Within the Scope of Turkey's Architectural Heritage Conservation Charter and Prıncıples for the Conservatıon of Wooden Buılt Herıtage
It is known that Pembe Yalı, located in Beykoz District of Istanbul Province, was built in the 19th century. The building has the importance of being one of the 366 mansions in the Bosphorus, which are historical monuments. The aim of the study was to evaluate the project in the context of Icomos Turkey Architectural Heritage Conservation Charter. While preparing the study, the general scanning model and the documentary scanning model from qualitative research methods were used. By using the documentary scanning method, the old and new projects and photographs of the Pembe Yalı, which is the subject of the research, were accessed. The restoration process of the building, whose projects were prepared by the author and her team, was compiled from project and application experiences. Using the documentary scanning model, the Turkey Architectural Heritage Conservation Charter was examined, and the Principles for the Conservation of Wooden Built Heritage were also taken into consideration. The findings were evaluated using the content analysis method. In the research, it is aimed to evaluate the structural problems, the methods used and the analysis and the refunctioning process of the Pink Mansion in the design phase.
Bosphorus Mansions, Icomos, İstanbul Mansions, Pembe Yalı, Re-functioning
Understanding the Physical Language of the Psyche: Aristotle’s Influence on Ottoman Physiognomists
Physiognomy, the assessment of an individual's character through physical appearance, originates from Aristotle, whose concepts significantly impacted subsequent literature. Ottoman literature, influenced by Arabic and Persian traditions, encompasses manuscripts referred to as Kıyâfetnâme, which illustrate this practice. The initial Arabic texts on physiognomy were translations of Aristotle's books, highlighting his direct impact. This influence is also apparent in Kıyâfetnâmes, which embody Arabic literary traditions. This study analyses three Kıyâfetnâmes from Ottoman literature in regard to Aristotle's perspectives, emphasising their conceptual parallels. The results demonstrate that numerous viewpoints articulated in these writings closely correspond with Aristotle’s concepts, implying that physiognomy possesses cross-cultural relevance. Consequently, Kıyâfetnâmes are invaluable resources for scholars investigating the historical evolution of physiognomy
Bir Yazma Eser Fabrika Tarihi: Tevfik Âmir’in Sèvres Porselen Fabrikası (Dârü’s-sınâ‘ası) Risalesi
Türkiye’de kurum tarihi çalışmaları genellikle 1980’li yıllara dayandırılmaktadır. Bu konuda erken dönem çalışmalarına rastlanmakla beraber şu ana kadar çok kısıtlı sayıda çalışma ortaya çıkmıştır. Erken dönem çalışmalara örnek sayılabilecek -şimdiye dek ilk- çalışma 1898 yılında Tevfik Âmir [Kocamaz] tarafından kaleme alınan Sèvres Porselen Fabrikası (Dârü’s-sınâ‘ası) Risâlesi’dir. İlk defa gün yüzüne çıkan bu eser, günümüzde Paris’te müze olarak faaliyet gösteren Sevr Porselen Fabrikası’nın tarihini, üretimini ve sanatkârlarını anlatmaktadır. Çalışmada eseri incelemek adına kodikolojik yönteme, eserin bağlamını ortaya koymak ve yazarı analiz etmek için ise alan teorisine başvurulmuştur. Bu sebeple çalışmada edebî kişiliğinin yanında Tevfik Âmir’in, bu risale ile yönetim ekolünün geç Osmanlı dönemine ait bir örneğini ve endüstriyel bilginin taşıyıcısı (carriers) olarak bir yöneticinin profilini sunmak amaçlanmıştır. Diğer taraftan çalışma, Osmanlı dönemindeki imtiyazlarla desteklenmesi, özel girişim ve devlet iş birliği gibi faktörler düşünüldüğünde sanayileşme anlayışına benzer yönler taşıyan Sevr Fabrikası’nın hikayesini ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin son döneminde neredeyse her alanda yaşanan Fransız etkisine dair somut bir örnek sunmaktadır.
The Liman Von Sanders Mission And Istanbul In German-Russian Relations On The Eve Of World War
This study is written to highlight Russia’s response to the military mission led by Liman von Sanders, brought from Germany to reorganize and modernize the Turkish army after Turkey’s defeat in the Balkan War, and to show the Russo-German negotiations during this process. The political conjuncture that emerged after Turkey’s defeat in the Balkan War led to several conflicts and complications, further exacerbating old contradictions. Turkey’s defeat caused serious concerns in the German government, raising the question of how the future and security of the Black Sea Straits and the Baghdad Railway could be ensured. If Russia succeeded in taking control of the straits, the Baghdad Railway would fall into Russian hands as well. The political and strategic changes that would occur in Turkey made Germany’s intervention almost inevitable. The ruling circles in Turkey believed that the reorganization of the Turkish army was crucial to prevent the dissolution of the state. At the request of Grand Vizier Mahmud Şevket Pasha and with the leadership of Germany’s ambassador to Istanbul, Wangenheim, the foundation of the Turkish-German military aid agreement was laid. However, this military mission interfered with Russia’s historical plans to send warships through the Black Sea Straits and take control of the Straits. Therefore, Russia opposed the Turkish-German military cooperation agreement, known as the “Sanders Mission”, and began diplomatic efforts with Germany to end the mission of Liman von Sanders, who had been assigned to the 1st Army Corps Command in Istanbul.
Turkey, Germany, Russia, Liman von Sanders, Istanbul, Bosphorus, Black Sea
Özet: Odun ateşi ve çırayla başlayan yapay aydınlatma araçları tarihi, seramikten yağ kandilleri ve mumun bulunuşuyla devam eder. Orta Çağ’da seramik kandilin ve mumun yanında; Roma ve Bizans dönemlerinde camdan polikandilonlar görülür. İslam dünyasında ise camdan vazo tipli kandiller ün kazanır. Uzak Doğu’da Çin’in kendine özgü aydınlatma araçları arasında fenerler ayrı bir yer tutarlar. Bunlardan başka, gemici fenerleri ve özel günler için kullanılan mahya kandilleri de yapay aydınlatma araçları arasında sayılabilirler. Petrolün rafine edilmesinden sonra gaz yağıyla çalışan gaz lambaları da aydınlatma araçları içinde yerlerini alırlar. Bu lambaların ortaya çıkışı, yapay aydınlatma alanında devrim niteliğinde gelişmelerin yaşandığı 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına rastlar. Bu dönemde Avrupa ve Amerika’da geliştirilen gaz lambalarının “fitilli” ve “basınçlı” olmak üzere iki çeşidi bulunmaktadır. Bu lambalar son Osmanlı döneminde de özellikle şehirlerde yoğun biçimde kullanılmışlardır. Gaz lambalarının, Türkiye’de elektrik yaygınlaşıncaya, yani aşağı yukarı 20. yüzyılın üçüncü çeyreğine kadar köylerde kullanımının devam ettiği bilinmektedir. Bunların fitilli modeli halk arasında en çok bilinen türdür. Bu aydınlatma araçlarının hazne kısımları seramik veya camdan yapılmakta ve süslenmektedir. Türkiye’de bu tip lambalarla özel koleksiyonlarda ve müzelerde karşılaşıyoruz. Bunlardan bir grup örnek de Edirne Müzesinde yer almaktadır. Bu makalede Edirne Müzesindeki on iki adet gaz lambası ele alınmıştır. Makalede Müzedeki bu lambaların incelenerek bilim dünyasına tanıtılması ve bu konudaki veri tabanına katkı sağlanması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla literatür taramasının ardından Müzedeki örnekler çizim ve fotoğraflarla belgelenmişler ve değerlendirilmişlerdir. Edirne Müzesindeki lambalardan üçü seramik hazneli, dokuzu ise cam haznelidir. Bunlardan bazılarının bekleri (metal ayar aksamı) üzerinde yabancı markalar yer alır. Bunların ithal edildikleri anlaşılmaktadır. Seramik hazneli bir çift lamba da ithaldir. Lambalardan birisinin altındaki Paşabahçe markası; yerli lambalarında üretildiğini gösterir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Aydınlatma, Edirne, gaz lambası, cam, Paşabahçe Abstract: Artificial lighting tools having come into existence with the invention of wood fire and torches then transformed into ceramic oil lamp sand candles. Besides ceramic lamps sand candles in the Medieval Age, the use of glass polycandelons can be observed in the Roman and Byzantine Periods. In the Islamic world, vase like glass lamps were widely used. In the Far East, Chinese idiosyncratic lanterns were in common use. In addition, hurricane lanterns and mahya lamps used for special days can also be counted as lighting tools. The refinement of oil allowed for the use of kerosene in lamps for lightening. The appearance of these lamps occurred in the second half of the 19th century, when revolutionary advancements in artificial lighting were achieved. Back then, there were two types of kerosene lamps developed in Europe and North America, namely “wick” and “pressurized”. These lamps were widely used in cities in the Late Ottoman Period. It is known that kerosene lamps were used in Turkey nearly up to the third quarter of the 20th century, i.e. until the use of electricity became more widespread. The wick lamp is the most common version known by Turkish people. The fonts of the lighting tools are made from ceramic or glass and ornamented. In Turkey, these types of lamps can only be found in special collections or museums. The present paper in concerned with the examination and description of twelve kerosene lamps retrieved from Edirne Museum. it is aimed to introduce these lamps in the museum to the world of science and contribute to the database in this subject. For this purpose, the samples in the museum have been documented and evaluated with drawings and photographs after the literature review. While three have ceramic fonts, nine are equipped with glass fonts. Foreign brands are observable on the burners of some (fr.bec), which suggests that they have been imported. Two with ceramic fonts are imported, too. Under one of the lamps reads“Paşabahçe”, which indicates that domestic lamps were produced as well. Key Words: Lighting, Edirne, keresone lamp, glass, Paşabahçe
İNGİLİZ SANATÇI THOMAS ALLOM (1804-1872) VE OSMANLI DÜNYASINA İLİŞKİN ESERLERİ
Özet: Bu çalışmada İngiliz mimar, ressam, gravürcü ve panoramist Thomas Allom’un (1804-1872) hayatı, Osmanlı topraklarına gelişi ve Osmanlı ile ilgili eserleri tanıtılacak, 19. yüzyıl İngiltere’sinde gravürlü seyahatnamelere verilen önem ve Osmanlı ilgisi Thomas Allom üzerinden değerlendirilecektir. Bu değerlendirme sanatçının resimlediği Fisher Yayınevi (Fisher, Son & Co.) tarafından basılan Constantinople and the Scenery of the Seven Churches of Asia Minor isimli seyahatname, Character and Costume in Turkey and Italy isimli kıyafet albümü ve Polyorama isimli sergisinin broşürü üzerinden yapılacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: 19. yüzyıl, oryantalizm, Thomas Allom, gravür, panorama Abstract: In this study, the life of Thomas Allom, the British architect, painter, engraver and panoramist and his arrival to the Ottoman lands and works related to the Ottoman Empire will be introduced; the importance given to illustrated travel books in the 19th century England, and Ottoman interest will be evaluated through Thomas Allom’s works. This evaluation will be made through the travel book entitled Constantinople and the Scenery of the Seven Churches of Asia Minor published by Fisher Company (Fisher, Son & Co.) and the costume book called Character and Costume in Turkey and Italy which were pictured by the artist and the brochure of his panoramic exhibition named Polyorama. Key Words: 19th century, orientalism, Thomas Allom, engraving, panorama
MAKEDONYA’DAKİ BOŞNAKLARIN EN ESKİ ANITI: KRAL KIZI TÜRBESİ
Özet: Makedonya Boşnaklarının en önemli iki kültür anıtlarından biri Üsküp’ün Gazi Baba Mahallesi’nde yer alan Kral Kızı Türbesi’dir. Prenses, Bosna Kralı Styepan Tomaş Ostoyiç-Kotromaniç ve eşi, Styepan Vukçiç Kosaça’nın kızı olan Kraliçe Katarina’nın çocuğudur. Bosna’nın fethinde (1463) Osmanlı ordusu tarafından esir alınarak İstanbul’a erkek kardeşi Sigismund ile birlikte götürülen Prenses Katarina yolculuk esnasında hastalanıp Üsküp’te vefat etmiştir. Osmanlı iktidarı altında bulunan bu şehirde, Prenses’in defnedildiği mekânda Fatih Sultan Mehmed’in emri üzerinde Üsküp paşası İsa Bey tarafından soylu bir Müslüman kadına yakışır bir tarzda Kral Kızı Türbesi inşa edilmiştir. Türbe’nin üzerinde yaşını belirleyecek herhangi bir yazı olmamasına rağmen Türbe’nin XV. yüzyılın sonunda ya da XVI. yüzyılın başında inşa edilmiş olduğu kesinleştirilebilir. Bilim adamları ve Üsküp’ün yerel nüfusu, Türbe’nin şehrin farklı yerlerinde birkaç mezarı olduğu varsayılan kutsal bir kişiye ait olmasından şüphelenmektedir. Kral Kızı (Prenses Katarina) Türbesi, Doğu-İslam ve Osmanlı-Boşnak dinî kültürünün, bununla birlikte Balkanlar’daki Makedon kültür bütünlüğünün en eski yapılarından biridir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Boşnaklar, Katarina, Kral Kızı Türbesi, Üsküp, Makedonya Abstract: The Kral Kızı Mausoleum in the Skopje neighbourhood of Gazi Baba represents one of the most significant cultural landmarks of Bosnians in Macedonia. She was the child of the Bosnian king Stjepan Tomaš Ostojić-Kotromanić and Queen Katarina who was the daughter of Stjepan Vukčić Kosača. Alongside with her brother Sigismund she fell captive during the Ottoman Conquest of Bosnia (1463) and was transferred to Istanbul, but fell sick and died during the trip. Fatih Sultan Mehmed ordered a construction of a Mausoleum on the place of her grave in Skopje. Researchers believe that the location of the mausoleum and its perception by the local population as a sacral object leads to the assumption that the resting place can be located at different places in the city. The abovementioned monument represents the Oriental-Islamic and Ottoman-Bosnian religious culture, as it is one of the oldest objects of the entire culture of the Macedonians in the Balkans. Key Words: Bosnians, Katarina, Kral Kizi Mausoleum, Skopje, Macedonia
MALATYA SANCAKTAR MEZARLIĞI’NDAKİ OSMANLI DÖNEMİ MEZAR TAŞLARI
Özet: Yurdumuzun farklı bölgelerinde zengin örnekleriyle karşımıza çıkan ve üzerlerine işlenmiş olan yazı, süsleme ve başlıklarıyla tarih, edebiyat, sosyoloji ve sanat tarihi gibi pek çok alan için büyük önem taşıyan mezar taşları, yapıldığı dönemin düşünce yapısını, dil ve ifade özelliklerini günümüze taşımaları bakımından da dikkat çeken bir özelliğe sahiptirler. Bu açıdan geçmiş dönemlerde kullanılan isimler, kıyafetler, eşyalar, bazı toplumsal olay ve inanışlar gibi Türk kültürünün geçmişini aydınlatan pek çok ipucunu Orhun Kitabeleri’nde, Selçuklu ve Osmanlı mezar taşlarında bulmak mümkündür. Türk sanatı tarihinde önemli bir yere sahip olan mezar taşları başta Hun Devleti olmak üzere Göktürk, Uygur, Karahanlı, Gazneli, Selçuklu ve nihayet Osmanlı Devleti gibi Türk devletlerinin hepsinde var olmuştur. Farklı form ve süslemelerle ölülere duyulan saygı, ölen kişinin anısını yaşatmak, ölümden sonraki hayatın varlığına olan inanç ve kişinin kim olduğunun belirtilmesi gibi nedenlerle her dönemde varlıklarını sürdüren mezar taşları, Hunlarda ve Göktürklerde kurgan ve balbal, Selçuklularda mezar kitabesi, Osmanlılarda ise farklı formlardaki başlıklar şeklinde görülmüştür. Bu çalışmada Malatya’nın en eski mezarlıklarından biri olan ve zengin mezar taşı başlıklarıyla dikkat çeken Osmanlı dönemine ait çok sayıda mezarın yer aldığı ve yaklaşık 250 yıllık bir geçmişe sahip olan Sancaktar Mezarlığı ele alınmıştır. Mezarlık oldukça geniş bir alana sahiptir. Bu nedenle mezarlığın tamamının incelenmesi daha geniş kapsamlı bir çalışmayı gerektirdiğinden burada mezarlığın sadece güney bölümündeki mezar taşları ele alınmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Mezar taşı, kitabe, Osmanlı, Sancaktar, Malatya Abstract: Tombstones, which are very important in history, literature, sociology and art history, with their writing, ornamentation and titles, which have come to our face with their rich samples in different regions of our country and which have been anticipated with their rich specimens, they have a feature. n this respect, it is possible to see many clues illuminating the past of Turkish culture such as names, clothes, articles, certain social events and beliefs used in the past periods in the Orhun inscriptions, Seljuk and Ottoman tombstones. The tombstones, which have an important place in the history of Turkish art, existed in all of the Turkish states such as Göktürk, Uyghur, Karahanli, Gazneli, Seljuk and finally the Ottoman State. Tombstones that persist in their existence in every period, such as respect for the different forms and ornaments, to live the memories of the deceased person, to belief in the existence of life after death, and to whom the person is to be mentioned, and tombs in the Huns and Gokturks, tombs in the Seljuks, and headings in different forms in the Ottomans They were considered. In this study, the Sancaktar Cemetery, which is one of the oldest cemeteries of Malatya and has a history of about 250 years, in which many graves belonging to the Ottoman period, attracting attention with their rich gravestone titles, was researched. The cemetery has a very large area. For this reason, the examination of the entire cemetery requires a more extensive study, so here only the gravestones in the southern part of the cemetery were studied. Key Words: Grave stone, inscription, Ottoman, Sancaktar, Malatya
BİR GELENEKSEL TÜRK EVİNİ GELECEĞE AKTARMAK: ERDOĞAN KALAY EVİ VE KORUMA ÖNERİLERİ
Özet: Geleneksel Türk Evi adıyla tanımladığımız yapılar Osmanlı Devleti döneminde inşa edilmiş olan konut yapılarıdır. Osmanlı’nın sınırları içerisinde kalan coğrafyada, özellikle de Anadolu ve Balkanlar’da bu yapı tipinin örneklerine sıkça rastlamak mümkündür. Toplumun yaşayışına ilişkin en fazla mimari miras stoğu geleneksel Türk evlerinde mevcut olmakla birlikte en fazla kayıp ve yıkımın da yine bu yapılarda olduğu görülmektedir. Geleneksel Türk evlerinde yaşanan bir diğer sorun, konutların 2. grup yapı olarak tescillenmesi nedeniyle tadilat, onarım ve restorasyon çalışmalarında genellikle plan şemalarının değiştirilmesidir. Bu evlerin plan şemaları bize inşa edildikleri dönemin ev yaşantısını anlatan, aile gelenek ve kültürleri ile doğrudan bilgiler veren en önemli belgelerdir. En basit örneklerde bile aile fertleri arasındaki sınırları ve paylaşımları, misafire verilen değeri, mahremiyeti, kışa hazırlık faaliyetlerini, hayvancılık, çiftçilik, ormancılık gibi mesleklerin konut yaşamına yansımasını analiz etmek mümkündür. Diğer yandan geleneksel Türk evlerinin ortak birtakım özellikleri olmakla beraber inşa edildikleri coğrafya, topoğrafya, iklim, malzeme, arsa biçimlenmeleri, ekonomik durum vb. nedenlerle farklılıklar gösterdiği de görülmektedir. Dolayısıyla her ev ayrı bir belge niteliği taşır. Günümüzde hatalı müdahaleler nedeniyle kaybetmekte olduğumuz geleneksel Türk evlerini ve özellikle plan şemalarını gelecek kuşaklara aktarmak giderek zor ve imkânsız hâle gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada da Isparta’da yer alan ve bilinen geleneksel Türk evi plan şemalarından biraz farklı niteliklere sahip Erdoğan Kalay Evi’nin koruma–restorasyon projeleri ele alınmıştır. Böylece ülkemizdeki geleneksel Türk evlerinin koruma sorunlarına dikkat çekmek ve farkındalık sağlamak istenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Geleneksel Türk evi, Türk evi plan şeması, mimari koruma–restorasyon, geleceğe aktarmak Abstract: The structures we have defined with the name of Traditional Turkish House are the houses built during the Ottoman period. It is possible to encounter the examples of this type of structure frequently in the geographical region of the Ottoman State, especially in Anatolia and the Balkans. It is seen that most of the architectural heritage in our country is still in these structures with the most loss in the traditional Turkish houses. Another problem experienced in the traditional Turkish houses where there is a rapid loss is the deterioration of the plan schemes due to the fact that the majority is registered as the second group structure. However, the plans of the traditional Turkish houses are the most important documents that tell us about the family life in the era when they were built, direct information with family traditions and cultures. Even in the simplest examples, it is possible to analyze the relations of family members, the value of the guest, the privacy, the winter preparatory activities and the reflections of the professions of the individuals into the housing life. On the other hand, traditional Turkish houses have a common set of characteristics. Geography, topography, climate, material, landforms, economic situation, etc. also show differences in the reasons. For this reason, each house is a separate document. Today, it is increasingly difficult and impossible to transfer the traditional Turkish houses we have been losing due to erroneous interventions, especially plan charts to future generations. For this reason, this study deals with the conservation-restoration projects of Erdoğan Tin House, which is located in Isparta and has characteristics slightly different from the known traditional Turkish house plan schemes. Thus, it is desired to draw attention to the protection problems of traditional Turkish houses in our country and to raise awareness. Key Words: Traditional Turkish house, Turkish house plan schemes, architectural conservation-restoration, future transfer
BATI MÜZİĞİNİN OSMANLI/TÜRK TEMSİLCİLERİ
Özet: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun klasik Batı müziği ile belgelendirilmiş olan ilk tanışmaları 1553 yılında Fransa Kralı I. François’nın Kanuni Sultan Süleyman’a teşekkür etmek için gönderdiği bir orkestra ile başlar. Oysaki Osmanlı’da Batı müziğinin benimsenmesi imparatorluğun son yüzyılını kapsamaktadır. Bu yüzyılda modernleşme, toplumun pek çok alanında etkisini gösterdiği gibi kültürel alana da nüfuz etmiştir. Müzik, bu modernleşme sürecinin dinamik bir takipçisi olmuştur. Osmanlı’nın resmî anlamda klasik Batı müziğine ilgisi Sultan III. Selim zamanında olsa da, asıl etkileşim Sultan II. Mahmut’un 1828 yılında Batı usulünde askerî bandolar oluşturması ile başlar. Böylece bu yeni resmî müzik, önce saray ve bürokraside, zaman içerisinde de sivil hayatta kalıcı bir yer edinir. Bu araştırmada, Osmanlı vatandaşı olup Avrupa’da müzik eğitimi alarak ülkesine dönen ve bu alanda çalışmalar yapan müzisyenlerin, Osmanlı’da Batı müziğinin gelişmesinde olan etkileri açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Osmanlı’da Batı müziği, Osmanlı’da Batı müziği eğitimi almış Türk müzisyenler, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, müzik Abstract: The first documented encounter between the Ottoman Empire and Classical Western Music took place in 1553 when one orchestra was sent by French King François I to thank Kanuni Sultan Süleyman. However, adopting Western Music in Ottoman time appeared only at the last century of the empire. In this century modernization penetrated the cultural area as it took effect in many other fields of the society. The music became one dynamic followers of this modernization period. Even if the interest of Ottomans for classical Western Music was at the time of Sultan Mahmud III officially present, the real interaction started with the formation of new western like military bands of Sultan Mahmut III in 1828. Thus, this new official music took place before in palace and bureocracy, then in time; also in civilian life. In this research, the effect of Ottoman musicians (who studied music in Europe), on development of Western Music in the Ottoman era is studied. Key Words: Western Music in the Ottoman Empire, Turkish musicians instructed in the Ottoman Era, Ottoman Empire, Music
Osmanlı’da Batı müziği eğitimi almış Türk müzisyenler
Özet: Tarihte Vaka-i Hayriye olarak bilinen, Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın kaldırılması ile başlayan yenilik hareketi sadece askerî ve sosyal alanda değil, müzikte de uygulanacak reformları öngörmüş ve böylece müzik anlayışında yenileşme hareketi başlamıştır. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun müzik hayatının gelişmesinde ve klasik Batı müziğine olan hayranlığın artmasında en büyük etki şüphesiz ünlü yabancı virtüözlerin verdikleri konserler ve Osmanlı’nın Batı müziğine olan ilgisi üzerine İtalya’dan gelerek yıllarca bu topraklarda çalışan “İtalyan” müzisyenlerin Türk müziğinde kalıcı izler bırakmalarıdır. Bu araştırmada, Osmanlı topraklarında yaşamış olan İtalyan müzisyenlerin Osmanlı’da Batı müziğinin gelişmesinde olan etkileri açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Müzik, Osmanlı, İtalyan Müzisyenler, Klasik Batı Müziği, Türk Müziği Abstract: The innovation movement known as “Vaka-i Hayriye” which started with the removal of Guild of Janisseries forecasted reforms that were supposed to be performed not only in military and social fields, but also in music, and thus the innovation movement in music appreciation started. The greatest effect on the development of music life in Ottoman Empire and the increase of admiration for Classical Western Music, without any doubt, were the concerts performed by the foreign virtuoeses. Italian musicians left also remarkable traces by coming to this territory and working here for a long time. In this research, the effect of Italian musicians Music who lived on the Ottoman territory on the developement of Western is studied. Key Words: Music, Ottoman Time, Italian Musicians, Classical Western Music, Turkish Music
TÜRKİYE’DEN MEKTUP VAR: “CANDAN VE CİĞERDEN PEK KIYMETLİ KIZIM”
Özet: II. Dünya Savaşı’ından büyük bir yıkımla çıkan Almanya savaşın hemen ertesinde büyük bir kalkınma hamlesi başlatmıştır. Teknik becerisi olsa da insan gücü maalesef başlatılan büyük kalkınma hamlesini karşılamaya yetmedi. Bunun sonucunda insan açığı, Türkiye, Yunanistan, Yugoslavya gibi nispeten geri kalmış ülkelerden karşılandı. Bu bapta Samsun Bafra Tekkesarmaşık Köyü’nden Selime Afet Yılmaz da 1966 yılında Almanya’ya işçi olarak gitti. Selime Afet’i birçok işçiden ayıran özellik, onun gittiği gördüğü yerleri kısa kısa not almış olması, o döneme ait objeleri titizlikle saklamasıdır. Bu yüzden onun yolculuğunu, gittiği şehirleri ve kirada kaldığı evleri tespit edebiliyoruz. Dahası babasının ona yazdığı mektupları da atmayıp saklayan Yılmaz bugün tarihçiler için paha biçilmez bir koleksiyon bırakmıştır. Bu makalede babasından gelen 41 mektup eşliğinde o günkü Türkiye’nin bir portresi çıkarılacak, o gün çocuğu Almanya’da olan bir babanın duygularına tercüman olunacaktır. Dahası köyünden koparılan bir genç kız, Almanya’daki ilk yılında ne yaptığı, hangi duygular içinde bulunduğu, mektuplar doğrultusunda aydınlatılmaya çalışılacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Almanya, Almanya’ya işçi göçü, işçi, Türkiye, Selime Afet Yılmaz Abstract: Germany who lost the World-War II, initiated a development process right after the World-War II. Even they had technical elements, their manpower was not sufficient to meet this huge development process. In order to fill this manpower gap; Turkey, Greece, Yugoslavia who were undeveloped countries was used. In this regard Selime Afet Yılmaz who was born in 1966 in the village of Tekke Sarmaşık in Bafra, Samsun, went to Germany as a worker. The distinctive feature of her was that she noted down the places she saw and kept the objects belong to that period. Therefore we can determine her travel, the cities that she went and the houses which were rented by her. Moreover she kept her father’s letters and today, for historian these letters turn out to be priceless collection. In this paper, in the light of these 41letters, it will be given the general view of those days’ Turkey and articulate a father’s feelings whose child was in Germany as a worker. Moreover, using these letters, a young lady’s feelings who has to leave her village and what does she do in German in her first years is tried to be enlightened. Keywords: Germany, labor migration to Germany, labor, Turkey, Selime Afet Yılmaz
TRABZON RUM METROPOLİTLERİ HAKKINDA BAZI GÖZLEMLER (1610-1670)
Özet: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu şehirlerinin kozmopolit karakterinin en önemli figürlerinden olan metropolitler, devletin Hıristiyan reaya ile olan ilişkilerindeki bağlantı noktalarından biri idi. Bilhassa Fatih dönemi ile birlikte Osmanlı teşkilat yapısı ile uyumlu hâle getirilen metropolitlik kurumunun devlet ve Hıristiyan tebaa arasındaki konumunu ise büyük nispette vergiler belirlemekteydi. İşte bu bağlantı noktaları eksenli ilişki 17. yüzyıldaki “kriz” ortamından nasıl etkilenmişti? Şer‘iye sicilleri, mühimme defterleri ve piskopos mukataası kalemi defterlerinden elde edilen veriler nispetinde ortaya çıkan netice, Trabzon özelinde metropolitlik kurumunun gerek ehl-i örfün müdahalesi, gerekse metropolitlerin kendi haksız tasarrufları ile kendi “krizini” yaşadığı istikametinde idi. Bu “krizin” 18. ve 19. yüzyılda İmparatorluk ve gayrimüslim reayası arasındaki ilişkiyi nasıl etkilediğini ortaya çıkarmak için ise daha çok araştırmaya ihtiyaç olduğu açıktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, 17. yüzyıl, Trabzon, Metropolit Abstract: Metropolitans, one of the most important figures of the cosmopolitan character of the Ottoman cities, were one of the connection points of the state with the Christian subjects. The position of the metropolitan institution, which was brought in line with the Ottoman organizational structure precisely during the reign of Mehmet II, between the state and the Christian subjects was determined mostly by the taxes. How have these connection points-centered relations been influenced by the “crisis” environment of the 17th century? The result that arises in relation to the data obtained from sharia court records, mühimme registers and piskopos mukataası kalemi registers was that the metropolitan institution in Trabzon had experienced their “crisis” either with the unjust dispositions of the metropolitans themselves or with the interventation of “ehl-i örf”. It is clear that more research is needed to determine how this “crisis” affected the relationship between the goverment and the non-Muslim subjecst in the 18th and 19th centuries. Key Words: Ottoman Empire, 17th century, Trabzon, Metropolitan
VAN MÜZESİNDE BULUNAN OSMANLI DÖNEMİ SİLAHLARINDAN ÖRNEKLER
Özet: Van Gölü Havzası’nda, gölün doğusunda yer alan Van ili, coğrafi ve stratejik önemi nedeniyle tarih boyunca önemli yerleşmelere sahne olmuştur. İl, bu özelliğini XII. yüzyıldan itibaren Türk döneminde de sürdürmüş, Türk kültür ve sanatını yansıtan birçok mimari ve etnografik esere sahip olmuştur. XX. yüzyılda bölgede meydana gelen isyan ve işgaller sırasında tarihi yapıların büyük ölçüde tahrip olmasına karşın, kültürel mirastan taşınabilir olanlarının önemli bir kısmı günümüze kadar ulaşabilmiştir. Urartu dönemi eserleri ile birlikte Türk dönemi eserlerinin de bulunduğu Van Müzesi, bünyesinde bulundurduğu 40.000 parça eserle bölgenin önemli taşınabilir kültürel miras merkezlerinden biri konumundadır. Bu çalışmada; Van Müzesinde yer alan XVIII-XIX. yüzyıl Osmanlı dönemine ait silahlardan 14 eser form, malzeme, teknik ve süsleme boyutu ile incelenerek tanımlanmıştır. Benzer özellikteki örneklerle karşılaştırılmıştır. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda büyük yeri olan askerî kültür içinde yer alan silahlar sahip oldukları süsleme ve form açılarından dönemin eşsiz sanat anlayışını yansıtmaktadırlar. Anahtar Kelimeler: Van Müzesi, Osmanlı Dönemi Silahları, Savunma Araçları, Süsleme Abstract: Because of its geographical and strategic importance, Van province, located in the Van Lake Basin, east of the lake has been the scene of important settlements throughout history. The province retained this characteristic in the Turkish period from the 12th century; it has many architectural and ethnographic elements reflecting Turkish culture and art. Although a large scale historic structure was destroyed during the rebellion and occupation of the region in the 20th century, a considerable part of the cultural heritage survived. The Van Museum, where the works of Urartu period and Turkish period works are displayed, is one of the important portable cultural heritage centers of the region with its 40.000 pieces in it. In this study; 14 pieces of art, actually cutting tools from the 18th and 19th century Ottoman displayed at Van Museum were defined by the form, material, technique and ornament size. Similar features were compared with the other examples. The Guns which had a great place in the military culture of the Ottoman Empire, reflect the unique art of the period with their ornamentation and form. Key Words: Van Museum, Guns of Ottoman, Material of War, Ornament